net UW leverage - does that not include net liabilities? does net leverage include it?

The definition of social inflation can be found in 2017.Fall #22 b), 2015.Spring #29 c).

I'm trying to calculate the LRC and CSM at initial recognition but I obtain LRC = 0 instead of 2500 which is the correct answer. Could you please help me understand the issue with my calculation?

why are we adding dividends when calculating the 2015 equity?

When reading the question, I wasn't sure what they meant by "focus". It seems like a large definition when looking at the possible answers.

When they calculate equity in the examiner report, they take year-end 2016 equity and work backwards to 2015 equity using 2015 net income, OCI, and dividends. I thought we normally take:

Hi Graham,

at MSA formula, the ROE use net income divide by equity, but at old exam, 2015 Fall #22, used the avg of equity; on the other paper, CCIR instruction, also use NI/avg equity. Should we use avg equity